Theyre able to make finer distinctions in terms of their olfaction. Theyre not supposed to be the boss. For instance, the rhythm of vaccination in the U.S.A. is very fast. Okay, it took half of this episode to go through just the first of the six dimensions of national culture individualism versus collectivism. In general, humans behave a certain way because they either perceive that behavior as offering a reward of some kinda positive incentive, or "carrot"or they avoid certain behaviors because those behaviors seem to lead to a punishmenta negative . 469). They determine the boundary conditions before which we become angry or flattered or whatever. Why arent all national cultures converging by now? Out into the ocean where they were caught by people on jet skis. And they were finding that people in Africa were not falling victim to this illusion. Categories like age, gender, job type, job seniority, and so on. There were a number of low offers of 15 percent, which didnt get rejected. The Neglected 95%: Why American Psychology Needs to Become Less American, Measuring Inequity Aversion in a Heterogeneous Population Using Experimental Decisions and Subjective Probabilities, Westerners and Easterners See the World Differently, Economic Man in Cross-Cultural Perspective: Behavioral Experiments in 15 Small-Scale Societies, Ultimatum Game with Ethnicity Manipulation: Problems Faced Doing Field Economic Experiments and Their Solutions, Does Culture Matter in Economic Behavior? GELFAND: And I thought, If these kinds of cultural differences are happening at the highest levels, we better start understanding this stuff.. Thats what we call tight-loose ambidexterity. Heres what Hofstede told us last week about culture: HOFSTEDE: If youre part of a society, youre like one drop in the Mississippi River. And he tried all kinds of categories and groups. But no. Here are some things that tend to thrive in highly individual societies: human rights, a free press, divorce, and a faster pace of life. People in the less-literate society, meanwhile, would have better facial-recognition skills. According to Chapter 5 of Freakonomics, there is a black-white test score gap and that gap is larger when you compare black and white students from the same school. Freakonomics (2005) aplica el anlisis econmico racional a situaciones cotidianas, desde las citas en lnea hasta la compra de una casa. Greeks are very strong on that. And in this moment, we realized that the grind is unsustainable, right? So after we ran that first project, we redid the entire project, and we took concerns like the one Francisco had. She did want to measure culture, and how it differs from place to place. Capital W-E-I-R-D, which stands for: HENRICH: Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic. This failure leads to confusion at the very least, but quite possibly deeper misunderstandings, perhaps all the way up to hatred and violent conflict. Which is more dangerous, a gun or a . I was on the phone with my dad, and I said, You know, its really crazy, all the differences between the U.K. and the U.S.. The second player is given a choice between accepting or rejecting. So that leads to justifying more inequality. It always was unsustainable, but was made even more acute to us during the pandemic. The U.S. comes in on the indulgent side, at 68. Henrich argues that national psychologies can be quite particular, but you may not appreciate that if all you read is the mainstream psychological research. And this is what Europe has. That is one of the main guests in todays episode. The U.S. assembled a coalition of allies. Thats right: we are No. DUBNER: So between not having been historically a terrible recipient of viruses and also by dint of having an ocean on either side of us, etc., and being a really big and really rich country, it sounds like the U.S. must have one of the lowest inherent threat levels. Joe Henrich points out that even our religions are competitive. Thats my idea. The cross-cultural psychologist Michele Gelfand has been telling us about loose and tight cultures around the world. For instance: According to the 6-D Model of National Culture that weve been talking about, the U.S. is the most individualistic nation on earth. Still Sore, Clinton Decries Planned Singapore Flogging of American, The Differences Between Tight and Loose Societies. It was a collaboration between Hofstede the Elder, his son Gert Jan, whod begun working with him by now, and a Bulgarian linguist named Michael Minkov, who had been analyzing data from the World Values Survey. GELFAND: In the U.S., various newspapers covered the story. Michael Fay wasnt a tourist; he was living in Singapore with his family, attending an American school. Mark Anthony Neal of Duke is not surprised that the U.S. scores relatively high on the masculinity scale. GELFAND: The U.S. tends to not just be individualistic, like Hofstede or others have shown, but very vertical, very competitive in its individualism. So, yes, the same attributes that can be a big problem can also be a big boost. They make sure that there is no violation of any ritual. Although the concept of an individual may seem straightforward, there are many ways of understanding it, both in theory and in practice. Feb 15, 2023. It was back in grad school that Michele Gelfand first asked herself this question. They are descended from people who came here of their own free will and in order to execute their own free will. we're looking out for the best interest of our individual pursuits. But Joe Henrich wanted to see how the Ultimatum experiments worked when it wasnt just a bunch of WEIRD college students. DUBNER: Where is the loosest place in America? Michele Gelfand and several co-authors recently published a study in The Lancet about how Covid played out in loose versus tight cultures. She was majoring in pre-med. The strongest parts of the original Freakonomics book revolved around Levitt's own peer-reviewed research. The examples include: school teachers and sumo wrestlers cheating, the Ku Klux . But a lot of the world is much more like a family. Gert Jan Hofstede - Freakonomics. It has to do with conformity. Twenty states rewarded individual schools for good test scores or dramatic improvement; thirty-two states sanctioned the schools that didn't do well. employees spread across the globe. And this led to this project where we did in lots of places hunter-gatherers, pastoralists, Africa, Papua New Guinea. So, say its $100, and the first player can offer a portion of the $100 to a second player. Freakonomics tries to decipher everyday events from an economic perspective by exploring various events, such as drug dealers lives, the truth about . Im a professor of artificial sociality at Wageningen University, in the Netherlands. I think the models dont account for that because you cant account for that, right? Each week, Freakonomics Radio tells you things you always thought you knew (but didn't) and things you never thought you wanted to know (but do) from the economics of sleep to how to become great at just about anything. So, yeah, that is WEIRD. As an Amazon Associate, Freakonomics may earn commissions from qualifying purchases made through links on this site. Freakonomics, which weighs in at just over 200 pages (plus a hefty section of bonus material for those interested in learning more), takes as its principal argument the idea that economics exist as a tool to study society. But first, Hofstede had to make sure that the differences he was seeing in the data werent specific to I.B.M. I was floored. My uncles like, Hey, I have something to show you. My first day in America, he showed me the Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade. "The conventional wisdom is often wrong.". By the way, Gelfand doesnt really take a position on whether loose or tight is superior. The term individualism itself, and its equivalents in other languages, dateslike socialism and other ismsfrom the 19th century. Whereas uncertainty avoidance means you have lots of etiquette and ritual. This is really a conversation that pleases me a lot. The incentives of just any regular person are greatly shown because money or personal gain can take over any man or woman no matter how old. After reading Freakonomics it really opens the reader's eyes to unseen things in everyday life. In the N.F.L., the long snapper is . NEWSCASTER: Wearing masks is a way of life now in Singapore. Remember what he said earlier: HENRICH: So how it is that we acquire ideas, beliefs, and values from other people and how this has shaped human genetic evolution. Freakonomics is a book about 'freaky' research and insight. HOFSTEDE: But it turned out that lumping them by nationality was the best thing to do. GELFAND: Were trained from a very early age not just to be independent, but to be better. Dubner speaks with Nobel laureates and provocateurs, intellectuals and entrepreneurs, and various other underachievers. A dream team of directors e. Heres how he describes himself these days. It means you really want to know and youre not satisfied until you know. Individualism is thought to be on the rise in Western countries, but new research suggests that increasing individualism may actually be a global phenomenon. Like, you saw in the U.S. trying to locate Covid in sewage. Freakonomics, M.D. Freakonomics Science 4.7 932 Ratings; Each week, physician and economist Dr. Bapu Jena will dig into a fascinating study at the intersection of economics and healthcare. But we tried to address that. Hofstede gives an example of how this plays out in a work setting, when employees are meeting with their bosses. employees in more than 50 countries. The Aztec, the Inca, and todays Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, are very collectivistic. GELFAND: Having more adaptability, more innovation. making a claim about his individual experiences and looking for evidence. You Arent Alone as Most Cats and Dogs in the U.S. are Overweight, The Loosening of American Culture Over 200 Years is Associated With a CreativityOrder Trade-Off, Speaking a Tone Language Enhances Musical Pitch Perception in 35-Year-Olds, TightnessLooseness Across the 50 United States, The Mller-Lyer Illusion in a Computational Model of Biological Object Recognition, Chaos Theory: A Unified Theory of Muppet Types, Egypt: Crime Soars 200 Per Cent Since Hosni Mubarak Was Ousted, Status and the Evaluation of Workplace Deviance. In the Germanic world, we have systems, which means that nothing stands alone. He did some work in the factory and it shaped him to a great extent because there, he could see that the world of the organization looks so differently from the floor than it does from above. You can never admit weakness or failure. GELFAND: When we ask people, What does honor mean to you? in the U.S., a lot of people talk about work. You look at parents and how they treat their kids art. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if . The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism. These attacks continue as I speak. Theyre what we call tight cultures. NEAL: The Soviet bloc, when they talked about freedom, it was freedom from poverty. So $10 in this case. Download. The Coronavirus Shutdown Is Revealing Americas Troubling Obsession With Work, Those Who Stayed: Individualism, Self-Selection and Cultural Change During the Age of Mass Migration, A Rising Share of the U.S. Black Population Is Foreign Born, 10 Minutes with Geert Hofstede on Indulgence versus Restraint, 10 Minutes withGeert Hofstede on Masculinity versus Femininity, 10 Minutes with Geert Hofstede on Individualisme versus Collectivisme, Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context, A Re-Inquiry of Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions: A Call for 21st Century Cross-Cultural Research, The Churching of America, 1776-2005: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy, Horizontal and Vertical Individualism and Achievement Values: A Multimethod Examination of Denmark and the United States, Hofstedes Model of National Cultural Differences and Their Consequences: A Triumph of Faith A Failure of Analysis. Michele Gelfand has another example of how culture shapes perception. Ambiguity is good. Those should be the new words to your national anthem. In case you missed it, thats Western. Thats a crazy, creative solution to try to deal with the pandemic. The five loosest countries according to this analysis were Ukraine, Estonia, Hungary, Israel, and the Netherlands. In any case, heres how Gelfand breaks down the upsides and downsides of tight cultures. GELFAND: Ill just say that there are also other contexts where we naturally tighten. Whats a Chaos Muppet? To that end, the digital revolution is further shrinking the distance to power. And you speak fast because I dont want to waste a lot of time talking. I had been led to believe, by you, that you are as dumb as bricks. Michele Gelfand again: GELFAND: This American teenager from Ohio, Michael Fay, was in Singapore and was arrested and charged with various counts of vandalism and other shenanigans. Published: 31 October 2020. Historically, politically, and yes culturally. Just like good science, good . Good on you, I say. All contents Freakonomics. And that is a status-worthy thing. Think Belarus, Myanmar, Russia, China. But there must be, I would think, evolution across time, yes? There is a strong desire to be more feminine. And how does a scholar like Neal think about culture per se? Heres another example: HENRICH: People from more individualistic societies tend to focus on central objects. You know, the thing that rap artists were talking about 25 years ago, Im on my grind. Its rooted in this ethos of always working, always pushing forward, always being on the top of your game. Well find out what it means to be WEIRD although not weird in the way youre thinking. BROADCASTER: The subject denies the evidence of his own eyes and yields to group influence. HENRICH: And this can include motivations, heuristics, biases, beliefs. Fortune, by the Hitchhikers; the rest of the music this week was composed byLuis Guerra. It may help if youre not originally from here. And life is an adventure. So, culture is about values, beliefs, absorbed ideas and behaviors. During the Cold War. Everything in economics can be viewed from the point of incentives. DUBNER: You sound very grateful that you were not born an American. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; were also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on uncertainty avoidance, if that makes you feel better). The findings, published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, show that increasing socioeconomic development is an especially strong predictor of increasing individualistic practices and values . But it can make life harder for the millions of Americans who arent so entrepreneurial, or rugged, or individualistic. Find ratings and reviews for the newest movie and TV shows. What Henrich discovered from running these experiments in different parts of the world is that the results vary, a lot. On many Freakonomics Radio episodes, well hear about some idea or policy that works well elsewhere in the world but hasnt taken root in the U.S. The reason we reached out to Michele Gelfand is that I want to understand this stuff better, too. And not attending enough to contextual factorsopportunities that presented themselves, being in the right place at the right time. You may decide to go another way, but that doesnt make the river change. . This realization is what led us to todays episode of Freakonomics Radio. OLIVER: Baseballs were hit from the deck of a warship from a needlessly inflatable batting cage. We said that a lot of good ideas and policies that work elsewhere in the world cant work in the U.S. because our culture is just different. But then the experimenters confederates come in. How much time have you spent thinking about what makes America, America? The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism (Replay) According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if that makes you feel better). If youre an economist, you might think that offering even $1 out of the 100 would be enough. According to the individualist, all values are human-centred, the individual is of supreme importance, and all individuals are morally equal. Steven D Levitt. You may have noticed that Hofstede neglected to mention a certain country that we Americans tend to care about quite a bit. DUBNER: Describe for me your father and his work, and how it became a family business. I asked Michele Gelfand to talk about why a given country is loose or tight. GADSBY: Have you ever noticed how Americans are not stupid? Stripped of our culturally acquired mental skills, he writes, we are not so impressive when we go head-to-head in problem-solving tests against other apes, and we certainly are not impressive enough to account for the vast success of our species. Henrich recently followed that book with another one called The WEIRDest People in the World: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous. Individualism once . How do racial and ethnic minorities fit into the American looseness? Sometimes incentives will be obvious, but often they will be hidden - and . So the scientific discipline of psychology is dominated by Americans. HENRICH: But if you want to talk about humans, then you have a problem. Nevertheless, you might be able to intentionally create pockets of looseness so you can have more balance. You could argue that treating your own children as if theyre special may make it harder to care as much about other peoples children. More information on phishing. HOFSTEDE: If you are, lets say, a toddler, what do you get to decide for yourself? HOFSTEDE: This is a very American question, Stephen. I must be American. HENRICH: This cashes out in an ability to make better abstract or absolute judgment. Michele Gelfand notes that even other individualistic countries tend to have more social checks and balances than the U.S. GELFAND: When you look at cultures like New Zealand or Australia that are more horizontal in their individualism, if you try to stand out there, they call it the tall poppy syndrome. Fascinated by the human in the system, he did a PhD in organizational behaviour. Yes, other phenomena like how things smell to us. As always, thanks for listening and again, I do hope you'll also start . Most white Americans have an entirely different ancestral history. You have to pronounce it right. Freaknomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything is the book for readers who run screaming at the thought of cracking open a book with the word "economics" in the title. In 2016, Henrich published a book called The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter. And we found that people from minority or even women backgrounds were seen as violating something more severely and were subject to higher punishment without even people realizing this. And then I meet you all, and then youre not. The third measures masculinity versus femininity in a given culture. Historically, politically, and yes culturally. We can think about extraordinarily loose contexts like Tesla or Uber that probably need a little more structure. They want to be happy. HENRICH: Im a researcher who tries to apply evolutionary theory to understand human behavior and human psychology and particularly culture. We are acronymically WEIRD. One of the defining features of Americanism is our so-called "rugged individualism." You might even call it wild individualism. We need to have different types of leadership. And the Machiguenga were much closer to the predictions of Homo economicus, where youd make low offers and never reject. Where would you think the U.S. ranks among all the countries measured on this dimension? I think I would have been perfectly content there because its also still a country of such huge opportunity. That is not just the most American thing thats ever happened. One of the most important figures in economic individualism is the famous Scottish economist, Adam Smith. And other cultures are more loose. Now this is pretty rare to have such different groups of respondents and still find the same thing. The ancient Romans. They dont even see each other and this is a one-time interaction, so there wont be another round of the game where the second player can punish or reward the first player. It is what we got fed with our mothers milk and the porridge that our dad gave us. This carries over into many areas of society, including the labor market. Mark Anthony NEAL: We hear these terms, like Americas melting pot or folks who talked about salad bowls, to describe what America is. Freakonomics is a groundbreaking collaboration between Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, an award-winning author and journalist. HOFSTEDE: High individualism is correlated with trying new stuff. Because if you try something new, you show to the people around you that you are an individual and you can make your own decisions. IMDb is the world's most popular and authoritative source for movie, TV and celebrity content. Uncertainty in economics means something very akin to risk. If it were, Afghanistan and Venezuela, even Iran might be U.S.-style democracies by now. HOFSTEDE: So youre asking about cultural convergence. As its been said: Everyone knows that 11 oclock on Sunday morning is the most segregated hour in American life. Mark Anthony Neal, a professor of African and African-American studies at Duke, notes that American individualism is hardly experienced equally across the population. Theres a good side of every dimension, including uncertainty avoidance. It's part of our founding D.N.A. on one axis and religiosity on the other axis, the U.S. is a clear and distinct outlier with high G.D.P and high religion. Tightness may create compliance; but looseness can drive innovation and creativity. When something is not easily measured, it often gets talked about in mushy or ideological terms. But if you look 100 years ago and you look at the cultural map of the world, you can read writers from different countries, you will see that there is astonishing continuity. Groups that tend to have threat tend to develop stricter rules to coordinate. She likes to eat human food. People tend to be super-creative and theres a lot of negotiation of rules. Now that weve taken a top-down view of how the U.S. is fundamentally different from other countries, were going to spend some time over the coming weeks looking at particular economic and social differences, having to do with policing, child poverty, infrastructure, and the economy itself. And it should stay there. (Part 1 of " Freakonomics Radio Takes to the Skies .") But remember what Hofstede told us: HOFSTEDE: Youre like one drop in the Mississippi River. It was freedom from hunger. And they often dont even realize theyre being acted upon. HOFSTEDE: Yes. Once he saw that differences were driven by nationality, Hofstede sensed he was on to something big. The first ten amendments to the Constitution (collectively known as the Bill of Rights), for example, are all about protecting individual rights from government power. In another condition, they were wearing tattoos and nose rings and purple hair. Some of the countries with high power distance: Russia, China, and Mexico. Between 1967 and 1973, he collected data on I.B.M. I personally expect at some point in the not very far future to have another wave of youthful optimism and find a way to say, Look, guys, we can do it, the future could be bright. HOFSTEDE: I like this question a lot. On the more feminine end of the spectrum are the Scandinavian countries and some of Western Europe. And in a restrained society, theres going to be suicide. And then theres the big C, the stuff that we have these big conversations about, that we do these incredible studies about, which is really about the worldview of groups of people coming together, in a community, in a nation, in a family, right? Whether proud or not, whether happy or not, it has a position. The negotiations didnt work out. The New Yorker's Malcolm . China, Japan, and Turkey are also tight. DUBNER: Im curious for advice on how we should balance weve become an economic powerhouse, and we recognize that there is a lot of benefit to that. Is that a yes? So I did the experiment there with an indigenous population called the Machiguenga. who thought, This is important, and having answers about what the workers value will make us better bosses and its going to be good for the company. So there was quite an enlightened atmosphere, and there was a lot of money in those times. Its part of our founding D.N.A. BERT: Because: you get crumbs in the sheets, thats why. And I think that is a hallmark of African-American culture in this country. When they took out Mubarak, this went the opposite extreme to almost anomie, normlessness. 470. And well see if the pandemic may have just maybe relaxed the American habit of work, work, work. HENRICH: They are self-enhancing, which means they try to promote their attributes. HENRICH: If you go to other societies, people are much more willing to give the same wrong answer to go along with others. But if youre not an economist, if youre a regular human being, you can see why the second player might reject a $1 offer. Mobility also produces looseness, because its harder to agree upon any norm. HOFSTEDE: In the U.S.A., individualism coupled with masculinity creates a society where if youre not a winner, youre a loser. You're stuck in a metal tube with hundreds of strangers (and strange smells), defying gravity and racing through the sky. But thats only the first study. Freakonomics Radio . The legendary bestseller that made millions look at the world in a radically different way returns in a new edition, now including an exclusive discussion between the authors and bestselling professor of psychology Angela Duckworth. Our staff also includesAlison Craiglow,Greg Rippin,Joel Meyer,Tricia Bobeda,Mary Diduch, Zack Lapinski,Emma Tyrrell, Lyric Bowditch, Jasmin Klinger,andJacob Clemente. It was: And your culture, your American culture, is very different. At this point, we should probably define terms. So how much would you offer? Cultures around the world is that I want to understand this stuff better,.... On jet skis hope you & # x27 ; freaky & # x27 freaky... Setting, when employees are meeting with their bosses had to make distinctions. Guests in todays episode other phenomena like how things smell to us the conditions. Another condition, they were finding that people in Africa were not falling victim to this illusion showed the! Caught by people on jet skis at this point, we redid the entire project, and porridge. By you, that you are as dumb as bricks are also tight there was a lot of talk...: have you ever noticed how Americans are not stupid among all the countries measured on dimension... 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