Bryan, who remained at his hotel, sent word to the Nebraska delegation to make no deals on his behalf. But note the change. Sources. We reply to them that changing conditions make new issues; that the principles upon which rest Democracy are as everlasting as the hills; but that they must be applied to new conditions as they arise. Railway employees had refused to handle Pullman cars in sympathy with the strikers; this action threatened to paralyze the nation's rail lines. You come to us and tell us that the great cities are in favor of the gold standard; we reply that the great cities rest upon our broad and fertile prairies. Which? At 36 years old, with two terms in Congress and a failed 1894 run for Senate under his belt, Bryan was the party's most outspoken and effective champion of silver. "[60] Bensel noted, "The pump was more than primed, it was ready to explode. One of the first candidates to appear widely on his own behalf, he was the original whistle-stop campaigner. [106] Historian R. Hal Williams suggested that the opposite philosophy, of legislation for the masses leading to prosperity for all, advocated by Bryan in his speech, informed the domestic policies of later Democratic presidents, including Franklin Roosevelt with his New Deal.[107]. Bound in semi-stiff boards covered in dark green washi paper, wit I tell you that the great cities rest upon these broad and fertile prairies. The 1896 Democratic National Convention followed events unique in post-Civil War American history. As the gold men spoke, Bryan ate a sandwich to settle his stomach; he was often nervous before major speeches. It made no secret of these preparations. [14] Farmers went bankrupt; their farms were sold to pay their debts. Bryan also ran in the years 1900 and 1908 which became failures. Gold and silver factions in some states, such as Bryan's Nebraska, sent rival delegations to the convention. The late 19th century saw divergent views in economics as the laissez-faire orthodoxy was questioned by younger economists, and both sides found ample support for their views from theorists. Delegates threw hats, coats, and handkerchiefs into the air. Question 9 30 seconds Q. At Bryan's words, he threw his hat into the air, slapped the empty seat in front of him with his coat, and shouted, "My God! Bryan, a former Democratic congressman from Nebraska, gained his party's presidential nomination in July of that year after electrifying the Democratic National Convention with his Cross of Gold speech. Bryan's speeches evolved over time; in December 1894, in a speech in Congress, he first used a phrase from which would come the conclusion to his most famous address: as originally stated, it was "I will not help to crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. [1][78], Now, Bryan was ready to conclude the speech, and according to his biographer, Michael Kazin, step "into the headlines of American history". The man who is employed for wages is as much a businessman as his employer. ; D. The Democratic Party understood the economy from the point of view of workers and farmers. The full text of William Jenning Bryans famous Cross of Gold speech appears below. He then defended the remainder of the platform, though only speaking in general terms. "[92] A farmer in Iowa, in a letter to Bryan, stated, "You are the first big man that i [sic] ever wrote to. [97] Bryan won the South and most of the West, but McKinley's victories in the more populous Northeast and Midwest carried him to the presidency. i. "[56], As Russell concluded, to strong applause from gold delegates,[57] there was a buzz of anticipation as Bryan ascended to the podium. Lafayette, CA: d press, 1995. But destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country. Let me assure him that not one person in all this convention entertains the least hostility to the people of the state of Massachusetts. [54], Senator David B. Hill of New York, a gold supporter, was next. Other delegations, seeing that Bryan would be nominated, also switched, securing the victory. "[80], It took about 25minutes to restore order, and according to Bensel, "somewhere in the mass demonstration that was convulsing the convention hall, the transfer of sentiment from silver as a policy to Bryan as a presidential candidate took place". [54] He was followed by two other gold men, Senator William Vilas of Wisconsin and former Massachusetts Governor William E. Russell. . . Many Americans, however, believed that bimetallism (making both gold and silver legal tender) was necessary for the nation's economic health. [87] The Chicago Tribune reported that Bryan had lit the spark "which touched off the trail of gun-powder". This was not the case; Bryan was well known as an orator on the tariff and silver questions. But Bryan first wished to tie the silver question to a greater cause:[46][76], Upon which side will the Democratic Party fight; upon the side of "the idle holders of idle capital" or upon the side of "the struggling masses"? Pamphlet. My friends, we have made no criticism. Bryan made a speech called "Cross of Gold", which had a strong reaction with the audience and included religious imagery. [25] Bryan biographer Paulo E. Coletta wrote, "during this year [July 1894 June 1895] of calamities, disintegration and revolution, each crisis aided Bryan because it caused division within his party and permitted him to contest for its mastery as it slipped from Cleveland's fingers. The Republicans gained control of the House, as well as the Senate, which until 1913 was elected by the state legislatures rather than by the popular vote. Latuff here in this cartoon is showing the uncaring of the president to the country. In a speech called "Cross of Gold," it is difficult to ignore the religious imagery that Bryan employs. The audio portion is an excerpt. [4] In 1830, Treasury Secretary Samuel D. Ingham proposed adjusting the ratio between gold and silver in US currency to 15.8:1, which had for some time been the ratio in Europe. Many Republicans in the western states, dismayed by the strong allegiance of eastern Republicans to the gold standard, considered forming their own party. What we need is an Andrew Jackson to stand as Jackson stood, against the encroachments of aggregated wealth. Of these, only Senator Blackburn, a silver supporter, sparked much reaction, and that only momentary. This speech, delivered at the Democratic National Convention, helped win the Bryan, former Representative to Congress for Nebraska, the presidential nomination of the Democratic party. (The cartoon appeared in the post-dated July 7 issue of Harper's Weekly, published in late June.) Our silver Democrats went forth from victory unto victory, until they are assembled now, not to discuss, not to debate, but to enter up the judgment rendered by the plain people of this country. It offers discussion questions, classroom activities, and primary source analysis tools. A third attempt in early 1878 again passed the House, and eventually both houses after being amended in the Senate. BRYAN CARRIES ON THE SHOULDERS OF HIS ADMIRERS AFTER HIS ORATION. The Cross of Gold speechwas delivered by William Jennings Bryan, a former United States Representativefrom Nebraska, at the Democratic National Conventionin Chicagoon July 9, 1896. Bryan wanted the United States to use silver to back . Jones deemed the Democrats likely to nominate a candidate who would appeal to the Populist Party, and Bryan had been elected to Congress with Populist support. Hear William Jennings Bryan deliver his Cross of Gold speech at the Democratic National Convention, William Jennings Bryan: presidential campaign poster, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Cross-of-Gold-speech, The Library of Congress - "Cross of Gold" Speech, Public Broadcasting Service - Cross of Gold Speech. Although Bryan had decided on a strategy to gain the nominationto give a speech which would make him the logical candidate in the eyes of delegateshe faced obstacles along the way. Albert Shaw, editor of The Review of Reviews, stated that after Bryan's nomination, many easterners professed not to have heard of him but: "If, indeed, they had not heard of Mr. Bryan before, they had failed to follow closely the course of American politics in the past eight years. But note the change. He does use the word gold in a religious allusion, but it's given quite a different meaning. Introduction. Why? If you want criticisms, read the dissenting opinions of the Court. [91] He received many letters from supporters, expressing their faith in him in stark terms. We say in our platform that we believe that the right to coin money and issue money is a function of government. In January 1791, at the request of Congress, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton issued a report on the currency. We come to speak for this broader class of businessmen. ; William Jennings Bryan was a leading member of the Democratic party who ran for President several times. That was Cicero, who destroyed the conspiracies of Cataline and saved Rome. People who were free-silver thought that currency reform would end them. According to Barnes: The people of the South and the West had for years been convinced of the enormity of the "crime of 1873", and they had long since come to regard silver as the sword that would cut the Gordian knot of privilege. Out of all of the prominent business figures that arose during the Gilded Age, Andrew Carnegie is perhaps viewed in the most positive light. The attorney in a country town is as much a businessman as the corporation counsel in a great metropolis. Because upon the paramount issue in this campaign there is not a spot of ground upon which the enemy will dare to challenge battle. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. These cartoons are grouped by the general sentiment they represent about William Jennings Bryan, his political campaigns, and his ambitions. UPTO 50% OFF ON ALL PRODUCTS. Advocates of the gold standard attributed the decline to advances in production and transportation. There is more reason for him to do that than for us to expect to fail to maintain the parity. They have tried for thirty yearsthirty yearsto secure an international agreement, and those are waiting for it most patiently who dont want it at all. He also proposed the establishment of a mint, at which citizens could present gold or silver, and receive it back, struck into money. He favored the monetary policy . Introduction: -attractions of a political cartoon ii. The Democratic Party wanted to create more upward mobility for people. [18], Despite the repeal of the act, economic conditions failed to improve. "[61] Bryan would say little that he had not said beforethe text is similar to that of a speech he had given the previous week at Crete, Nebraska[62]but he would give the convention its voice. German-born political cartoonist Thomas Nast gave America some of its most enduring symbols: the Republican elephant, the Democratic donkey, and Uncle Sam. Political Cartoon featuring William Jennings Bryan carrying the "Cross of Gold . He cared about politics and his religion equally. [103][104], Writer Edgar Lee Masters called the speech, "the beginning of a changed America. Some people, for the most part Democrats, joined the far-left Populist Party. Bryan did not think it was necessary for the United States to hold in reserve an amount of gold equal in value to all the paper money in circulation. The warmest ties of love and acquaintance and association have been disregarded. You come to us and tell us that the great cities are in favor of the gold standard. The merchant at the crossroads store is as much a businessman as the merchant of New York. A. Contemporary estimates were an unemployment rate as high as 25%. No, my friends, it will never be the judgment of this people. Both men spoke to hundreds of thousands of people from their chosen venues. [6] Silver was now undervalued at the Mint; accordingly little was presented for striking into money. According to Jones, it was clear that Bland could not win, and that Bryan could not be stopped. Upon the side of the idle holders of idle capital, or upon the side of the struggling masses? It was not unconstitutional when it went before the Supreme Court for the first time. The Democratic idea, however, has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous, their prosperity will find its way up through every class which rests upon them. The President's move was opposed by the Democratic Governor of Illinois, John Altgeld. Gold Democrats were successful in a few states in the Northeast, but had little luck elsewhere. [1], Bryan later described the silence as "really painful" and momentarily thought he had failed. "[55] Hill gave a calm speech defending the gold position, and swayed few delegates. As a Democratic member of the Ways and Means Committee through two Congresses, Mr. Bryan was by all odds the ablest and strongest orator on the Democratic side of the House. How is it today? Angered by Cleveland's actions in the labor dispute, and by his uncompromising stand against silver, Altgeld began to organize Democrats against Cleveland's renomination in 1896. The 36-year old Bryan was an avowed bimetallist, placed himself in the tradition of Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson against moneyed interests and in favor of "hardy pioneers who braved all. The task of relieving the jobless fell to churches and other charities, as well as to labor unions. Cleveland friend and former Postmaster General Donald M. Dickinson wrote to the President in June 1896 hoping that the delegates would recognize "common sense" and be frightened at the thought of nominating a radical. Source 1 Political Cartoon "Swallowed" from Puck Magazine Source 2 Cross of Gold Political Cartoon Source 3 Photograph of a sod house Source 4 Political Cartoon, "The Grange . The silver campaign of 1896 was a big controversy among the people. [66][70], Through this passage, Bryan maintained the contrast between the common man and the city-dwelling elite. bimetallism), which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. We have entreated, and our entreaties have been disregarded. Bryan, an advocate for free silver made a speech at the Democratic National Convention which became known as the "Cross of Gold" in his speech he spoke against the gold standard and for silver to be back as a monetary standard. This takeover was considered far more important than was the choice of presidential candidate, and the committee decided to take no position on who should win the race for the nomination, reasoning that the victor, no matter who he was, would be a silver man. When this debate is concluded, a motion will be made to lay upon the table the resolution offered in commendation of the administration and also the resolution in condemnation of the administration. [105] Author and political commentator William Safire, in his political dictionary, traced the term "trickle-down economics" (common in the Reagan era) to Bryan's statement that some believe that government should legislate for the wealthy, and allow prosperity to "leak through" on those below. He says he also wants to amend this platform so as to provide that if we fail to maintain the parity within a year that we will then suspend the coinage of silver. In the "Cross of Gold" speech, Bryan argued that the Democratic Party's focus on bi-metallism in its platform was justified because a gold standard alone could not solve the country's problems at the time, including debt, small business failure, and monopolies. The Republican Party made policies that supported big business. "[26], In early 1896, with the economy still poor, there was widespread discontent with the two existing major political parties. Cross of Gold Speech - Analysis | Milestone Documents - Milestone Documents William Jennings Bryan: "Cross of Gold" Speech Log in to see the full document and commentary. The majority of cartoons are from the 1908 campaigan, but there cartoons that feature 1920 election and Bryan's borther Charles Bryan. The income tax was not unconstitutional when it was passed. [5] It was not until 1834 that Congress acted, changing the gold/silver ratio to 16.002:1. It was clear to listeners as he worked his way through the comparisons that he would refer to the farmer, and when he did, the hall exploded with sound. "[67] By then, as he spoke in a sincere tone, his voice sounded clearly and loudly through the hall. [38] On the evening of July 5, Bryan was visited by a delegation of Coloradans, seeking his support for Senator Teller. Trained as a lawyer, Bryan represented the state of Nebraska in the United States Congress, 1891-95. Mr. Jefferson, who was once regarded as good Democratic authority, seems to have a different opinion from the gentleman who has addressed us on the part of the minority. The only gold man who put together any sort of campaign for the Democratic nomination was Treasury Secretary One of the leaders of the silver movement was Illinois Governor Altgeld; a native of Germany, he was constitutionally barred from the presidency by his foreign birth. Omissions? The Akron Journal and Republican, no friend to Bryan, opined that "never probably has a national convention been swayed or influenced by a single speech as was the national Democratic convention". He then lowered them, descended from the podium, and began to head back to his seat as the stillness held. W.J. Here is the line of battle. [45] The DNC's action could be reversed, but not until the convention's credentials committee reported. We reply that when we advocate a thing which we believe will be successful we are not compelled to raise a doubt as to our own sincerity by trying to show what we will do if we are wrong. [79] As he moved towards his seat, the Coliseum burst into pandemonium. The BlandAllison Act was vetoed by President Rutherford B. Hayes, but was enacted by Congress over his veto on February 28, 1878. William Jennings Bryan (nicknamed the "Boy Orator of the Platte" and "The Great Commoner") was a Nebraska politician and orator who rose to fame in 1896 when he secured the Democratic nomination for President of the United States. Three months ago, when it was confidently asserted that those who believed in the gold standard would frame our platforms and nominate our candidates, even the advocates of the gold standard did not think that we could elect a President; but they had good reasons for the suspicion, because there is scarcely a state here today asking for the gold standard that is not within the absolute control of the Republican Party. For these images we dont claim any copyright or other intellectual property rights and neither do our contributors, we just provide you with access to a high resolution copy to use in line with the terms of the license you buy. ; B. Welcome to a series on William Jennings Bryan's famous 1896 Cross of Gold speech. In the late 1800's a populist movement was happening and people were starting to take notice. It showed American support for european economic interests in East Africa. [81] Bryan was urged by Senator Jones to allow it, but refused, stating that if his boom would not last overnight, it would never last until November. Original size at 383 480. You come to us and tell us that the great cities are in favor of the gold standard; we reply that the great cities rest upon our broad and fertile prairies. Speakers in some states cursed Cleveland; the South Carolina convention denounced him. "[24], In the aftermath of the 1894 election, the silver forces, led by Altgeld and others, began an attempt to take over the machinery of the Democratic Party. [10], Implementation of the BlandAllison Act did not end calls for free silver. [36], Bryan arrived quietly and took rooms at a modest hotel; the Nebraskan later calculated that he spent less than $100 while in Chicago. [90] The only paper to predict, after Bryan gave his speech, that he would not be nominated was The Wall Street Journal, which stated, "Bryan has had his day". The next day the convention nominated Bryan for President on the fifth ballot. Mr. McKinley was the most popular man among the Republicans ; and everybody three months ago in the Republican Party prophesied his election. Pursuant to this promise, government gold reserves dwindled over the following three years. Therefore, we care not upon what lines the battle is fought. The bankers did not want loans repaid in an inflated currencythe gold standard was deflationary, and as creditors, they preferred to be paid in such a currency, whereas debtors preferred to repay in inflated currency. Critics contended that the inflation which would follow the introduction of such a policy would harm workers, whose wages would not rise as fast as prices would, and the operation of Gresham's law would drive gold from circulation, effectively placing the United States on a silver standard. [21] He traveled widely, speaking to audiences across the nation. What will the decision be today? If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we will fight them to the uttermost. Subscribe 84K views 7 years ago This is a speech from Democratic Candidate William Jennings Bryan, which he originally delivered in 1896. [100] Stanley Jones, however, suggested that even if Bryan had never delivered it, he would still have been nominated. It was not in any concerted or open action, however, that Bryan had his strength; it was in the friendly predisposition of the mass of the delegates that he had hopes.[30]. What we oppose in that plank is the life tenure that is being built up in Washington which establishes an office-holding class and excludes from participation in the benefits the humbler members of our society. . "[56], Vilas quickly lost his audience, which did not want to hear Cleveland defended. The full text of William Jenning Bryan's famous "Cross of Gold" speech appears below. The Republican Party platform for the election, formulated at its convention in St. Louis in June, declared, We are unalterably opposed to every measure calculated to debase our currency. When the Democrats gathered a few weeks later, their platform called for the free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold. In an eloquent plea for the coinage of silver and an attack on the thesis that gold was the only sound backing for currency, Bryan closed with the peroration, you shall not press down on the brow of labor this crown of thorns. [82] The convention passed the platform in Bryan's absence and recessed. Image No. The legislation also established the Mint of the United States. The galleries were filled with white as spectators waved handkerchiefs, and it was several minutes before he could continue. He faced in the direction of the gold-dominated state delegations: There are two ideas of government. [42] Going into the convention, the two leading candidates for the nomination were former Congressman Bland, who had originated the Bland-Allison Act, and former Iowa Governor Horace Boies, with Bland considered the frontrunner. BRYAN: CROSS OF GOLD. Congress did so, but the debates showed bitter divides in both major parties between silver and gold factions. Optional: When the Republicans in June 1896 nominated former Ohio Governor William McKinley for president and passed at his request a platform strongly supporting "sound money" (the gold standard unless modified by international agreement), a number of "Silver Republicans" walked out of the convention. Although Hamilton understood that adjustment might be needed from time to time as precious metal prices fluctuated, he believed that if the nation's unit of value were defined only by one of the two precious metals used for coins, the other would descend to the status of mere merchandise, unusable as a store of value. 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