what is magma solid rock with a fine texturewhat is magma solid rock with a fine texture

= 15 ? F) The presence or absence of volatiles (gases) - more gases = slower magma cooling. What is magma? A) Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock. The compositions of typical mafic, intermediate, and felsic magmas are shown in Figure 3.3.4. A) pyroclastic D. Al and Si are the most abundant elements in the magma. D. and c. only C. biotite and olivine What is a likely reason for this phaneritic texture? Each of these rocks are formed by physical changessuch as melting, cooling, eroding, compacting, or deforming that are part of the rock cycle. C) basaltic, rhyolitic Want to create or adapt OER like this? As an example, granite is a commonly-used term but has a very specific definition which includes exact quantities of minerals like feldspar and quartz. Which of the following describes best the difference between magma and lava? B) gabbro The resulting rock is called volcanic glass. F. olivine Plutons can have irregular shapes, but can often be somewhat round. Explanation: Advertisement B) amount of space available for crystals to fill Classification of Igneous Rock Series. One of the most spectacular types of pyroclastic deposit is an ignimbrite, which is the deposit of a ground-hugging pumiceous pyroclastic density current (a rapidly flowing hot suspension of pyroclasts in gas). Extrusive igneous rocks are _________, whereas intrusive igneous rocks are _________. C) andesite Intrusive or plutonic rocks crystallize from magma beneath the earth's surface. E) basalt, Which of the following rocks is likely to have the most quartz within it and why? Soon after that, all of the magma is used up and no further changes takes place. D) Temperature of the environment - higher T = slower magma cooling. Laccoliths bulge upwards; a similar downward-bulging intrusion is called a lopolith. G) All of these. C. cause rocks to melt at lower temperatures, magnified by an increase in pressure, important at convergent plate boundaries A) The magma had an excessively long time to cool, allowing crystals to grow very large. C) pressure C) intermediate - the intermediate range composition magma makes for strato volcanoes that are mostly passive erupting When volcanoes erupt explosively, vast amounts of lava, rock, ash, and gases are thrown into the atmosphere. An eruption reduces the pressure inside the magma chamber. This non-crystalline material is not classified as minerals but as volcanic glass. B. basalt Because felsic lavas are less mobile, it is less common than granite. Solid rock can be changed into a new rock by stresses that cause an increase in heat and pressure. Another is the native rock is melted and consumed into the rising magma or broken into pieces that settle into the magma, a process known as stoping. B) dark colored, more dense and less viscous (not sticky); natural glasses organic material (lignite, coal, or petroleum) fossils. Arndt, N. T. Chapter 1 Archean Komatiites. B. komatiite Pyro, meaning fire, refers to the igneous source of the tephra and clastic refers to the rock fragments. A number of processes that take place within a magma chamber can affect the types of rocks produced in the end. This texture, which indicates a very slow crystallization, is called pegmatitic. cooled rock with large crystals It can be found in the Andes Mountains and in some island arcs (see. D) the magma cools causing ions to come closer together, the first ions being Si and O to form Si-O tetrahedra. The densest magma sinks near the bottom of the chamber. B) highly fluid, cools slowly E. pyroxene a. B) crystal + lava Texture describes the physical characteristics of the minerals, such as grain size. As the temperature drops, and providing that there is sodium left in the magma, the plagioclase that forms is a more sodium-rich variety. Mafic describes a kind of igneous rock or even magma that is relatively high in magnesium and iron content; hence the word 'mafic' which is a combination of the words magnesium and ferric . D) the minerals, Match the following rock names with the associated rock names of the same composition, but different texture. When it cools to solid rock, this intrusion is often called a pluton. A. the rock has two or more distinctly different-size populations of mineral grains Please select the best answer from the choices provided C) granite Because felsic lavas are less mobile, it is less common than granite. 2. A. granite A) the rock's texture A) mafic - very fluid magma makes for passive (fluid) eruptions Andesite is a rock typically found in volcanoes above convergent plate boundaries between continental and oceanic plates. 3. rhyolite If magma cools slowly, deep within the crust, the resulting rock is called intrusive or plutonic. Glazner, A. F., Bartley, J. M., Coleman, D. S., Gray, W. & Taylor, R. Z. St. Helens volcano, Washington state It is important to realize these groups do not have sharp boundaries in nature, but rather lie on a continuous spectrum with many transitional compositions and names that refer to specific quantities of minerals. If the fragments accumulate while still hot, the heat may deform the crystals and weld the mass together, forming a welded tuff. C) the rock's color Lava is molten rock flowing out of fissures or vents at volcanic centres (when cooled, they form rocks such as basalt, rhyolite, or obsidian). At that temperature, the plagioclase is calcium-rich (anorthite) (see Figure 2.6.1). [Hint] Areas of lower pressure always have a lower melting point than areas of high pressure. This more gaseous and sticky lava tends to explode violently and cools as andesite rock. 1. The rifting movement causes the buoyant magma below to rise and fill the space of lower pressure. It has also been proposed that diapirs are not a real phenomenon, but just a series of dikes that blend into each other. They are formed when magma exploits a weakness between these layers, shouldering them apart and squeezing between them. Finally, if the magma is quite silica-rich to begin with, there will still be some left at around 750 to 800C, and from this last magma, potassium feldspar, quartz, and maybe muscovite mica will form. A) basaltic, gabbroic Basalt and gabbro are the extrusive and intrusive names for mafic igneous rocks, and peridotite is ultramafic, with komatiite as the fine-grained extrusive equivalent. Komatiite is a rare rock because volcanic material that comes directly from the mantle is not common, although some examples can be found in ancient Archean rocks [2]. D) komatiite Plus, they are, by definition, exposed to the elements of erosion immediately. Igneous rocks are defined as types of rocks that are formed when molten rock (rock liquefied by intense heat and pressure) cools to a solid state. Batholiths are found in the cores of many mountain ranges, including the granite formations of Yosemite National Park in the Sierra Nevada of California. B) Andesite This is a common component of volcanic ash and rocks like obsidian. The Henry Mountains of Utah are a famous topographic landform formed by this process. A. Pyroxene - amphibole - olivine - biotite These eight elements . Some igneous rocks have a mix of coarse-grained minerals surrounded by a matrix of fine-grained material in a texture called porphyritic. A sill is a concordant intrusion that runs parallel to the sedimentary layers in the country rock. 5. gabbro This was done over and over, each time allowing the magma to cool to a lower temperature before quenching. 3. rhyolitic pumice False, Applications and Investigations In Earth Science, Dennis G. Tasa, Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Charles C. Plummer, Diane Carlson, Lisa Hammersley. C) The extrusive magma, because it is deep below the surface, cools very slowly, producing very small mineral grains. A. biotite Book: An Introduction to Geology (Johnson, Affolter, Inkenbrandt, and Mosher), { "4.01:_Classification_of_Igneous_Rocks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.02:_Bowens_Reaction_Series" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.03:_Magma_Generation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.04:_Partial_Melting_and_Crystallization" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.05:_Volcanism" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Understanding_Science" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Plate_Tectonics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Minerals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Igneous_Processes_and_Volcanoes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Weathering_Erosion_and_Sedimentary_Rocks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Metamorphic_Rocks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Geologic_Time" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Earth_History" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Crustal_Deformation_and_Earthquakes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Mass_Wasting" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Water" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:__Coastlines" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Deserts" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_Glaciers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_Global_Climate_Change" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_Energy_and_Mineral_Resources" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "authorname:johnsonaffolterinkenbmosher" ], https://geo.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fgeo.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FGeology%2FBook%253A_An_Introduction_to_Geology_(Johnson_Affolter_Inkenbrandt_and_Mosher)%2F04%253A_Igneous_Processes_and_Volcanoes%2F4.01%253A_Classification_of_Igneous_Rocks, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Aphanitic/Phaneritic Rock Types with Images. The rock then cools into new crust. Comments 3. decompression melting The large crystals are called phenocrysts and the fine-grained matrix is called the groundmass or matrix. Classification of Igneous Rock Series. Sills are another type of intrusive structure. D) gabbroic, granitic, The classification of igneous rocks is based on __________. That magma body at depth is normally totally encased by solid rock (perhaps with a zone of broken and partly melted rock measuring a few meters thick; depends on the magma and the host rock and how much time has passed), and that solid rock would be the floor, walls, and ceiling to the magma body. Typical intermediate rocks are diorite and andesite. It is commonly vesicular and aphanitic. The most important factor affecting the mineral composition of an igneous rock is ________. light colored, more dense and less viscous (not sticky), What type of composition would result in a magma if equal amounts of basaltic and granitic magma were mixed? They are formed when magma exploits a weakness between these layers, shouldering them apart and squeezing between them. A) granite; gabbro. B) basaltic - very sticky magma makes for very passive (fluid) eruptions A magmatic dike is simply a large slab of magmatic material that has intruded into another rock body. B) glassy A rock that chiefly consists of pegmatitic texture is known as a pegmatite. Dark, dense volcanic rock from the lower part of the magma chamber may be released later. Coarse-grained textures generally indicate magmas that slowly cooled deep underground. Composition refers to the rock's specific mineralogy and chemical composition. c. Igneous rocks constitute one of the three principal classes of rocks, the others being metamorphic and sedimentary. Rhyolite refers to the volcanic and felsic igneous rocks and granite refer to intrusive and felsic igneous rocks. 4. andesite D) The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow any larger. Large eruptions can nearly empty the magma chamber. As a result, felsic magma also has the highest gas content and viscosity, and lowest mean temperatures, between 650o and 800o Celsius (1202o and 1472o Fahrenheit). The fine-grained texture indicates the quickly cooling lava did not have time to grow large crystals. Which of the following best describes an aphanitic texture? B) The rock has mineral grains that are glassy. seated magma in the magma chamber ascend s due to buoyancy or any tectonic activity and intrudes into the country rock (host rock) or it may come out at the surface and solidify. B) granodioritic Because the earth was largely molten at its origin, magma may be considered the beginning of the rock cycle. 20/3 Mafic magma also has high mean temperatures, between 1000o and 2000o Celsius (1832o and 3632o Fahrenheit), which contributes to its lower viscosity. C. often occur with basalt and other mafic igneous rocks Peacock, M. A. B) gabbroic, rhyolitic Ultramafic refers to the extremely mafic rocks composed of mostly olivine and some pyroxene which have even more magnesium and iron and even less silica. Volcanic glass and coarse-grained igneous rocks differ by which of the following? Felsic magmas tend to be cooler than mafic magmas when crystallization begins (because they dont have to be as hot to remain liquid), and so they may start out crystallizing pyroxene (not olivine) and plagioclase. They have a mineral composition that is intermediate between granite and basalt. Many xenoliths are crystals torn from inside the Earth and embedded in magma while the magma was cooling. A) granite A magma consists mostly of liquid rock matter, but may contain crystals of various minerals, and may contain a gas phase that may be dissolved in the liquid or may be present as a separate gas phase. The process by which the same igneous rock may produce different magma compositions upon melting. This texture, which indicates a very slow crystallization, is called pegmatitic. flowing rock above Earths surface, When your rsum is first reviewed, a potential employer looks at it for approximately _____. This heat makes magma a very fluid and dynamic substance, able to create new landforms and engage physical and chemical transformations in a variety of different environments. D. Heavier crystals float on the top of the magma in the magma chamber producing a layered igneous rock upon complete solidification. The type of volcanic rock with common vesicles is called scoria. The most abundant elements are oxygen and silicon, followed by aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium. As long as there is silica remaining and the rate of cooling is slow, this process continues down the discontinuous branch: olivine to pyroxene, pyroxene to amphibole, and (under the right conditions) amphibole to biotite. A. quartz and pyroxene Gabbro is a major component of the lower oceanic crust. The type of volcanic rock with common vesicles is called scoria. 2. St. Helens volcano, and why? Much like intermediate magma, felsic magma may be most commonly found at convergent plate boundaries where transfer of heat and flux melting create large stratovolcanoes. Basalt is the main rock which is formed at mid-ocean ridges, and is therefore the most common rock on the Earths surface, making up the entirety of the ocean floor (except where covered by sediment). Therefore, most landforms and rock groups that owe their origin to igneous rocks are intrusive bodies. She or he will best know the preferred format. Decompression melting also occurs at mantle plumes, columns of hot rock that rise from Earths high-pressure core to its lower-pressure crust. C. Amphibole - pyroxene - biotite - olivine D) If the magma has no crystals or gases within it, it is called "lava." B) basalt Because mafic lava is more mobile, it is less common than basalt.

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